Python部署web开发程序的几种方法
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1、fastcgi ,通过flup模块来支持,在nginx里对应的配置指令是 fastcgi_pass 2、http,nginx使用proxy_pass转发,这个要求后端appplication必须内置一个能处理高并发的http server,在python的web框架当中,只能选择tornado. 3、uwsgi,包括4部分组成:
nginx从0.8.4开始内置支持uwsgi协议,uwsgi协议非常简单,一个4个字节header+一个body,body可以是很多协议的包,比如说http,cgi等(通过header里面字段标示)。 uwsgi的特点在于自带的进程控制程序.它是用c语言编写,使用natvie函数,其实和spawn-fcgi/php-fpm类似。所以uwsgi可以支持多种应用框架,包括(python,lua,ruby,erlang,go)等等 4、mod_python,这是apache内置的模块,很严重的依赖于mod_python编译使用的python版本,和apache配套使用,不推荐 5、cgi,这个太old,不推荐,而且nginx不支持cgi方式,只能用lighttpd或者apache 6、spawn-fcgi,这个是fastcgi多进程管理程序,lighttpd安装包附带的,和 flup效果一样,区别是flup是 python代码级引入,spawn-fcgi是外部程序。spawn-fcgi用途很广,可以支持任意语言开发的代码,php,python,perl,只要你代码实现了fastcgi接口,它都可以帮你管理你的进程 7、scgi,全名是Simple Common Gateway Interface,也是cgi的替代版本,scgi协议很简单,我觉得和fastcgi差不多,只是没有怎么推广开来,nginx对应的配置指令是scgi_pass,你想用就用,flup也支持。 8、Gunicorn,和uwsgi类似的工具,从rails的部署工具(Unicorn)移植过来的。但是它使用的协议是 WSGI,全称是Python Web Server Gateway Interface ,这是python2.5时定义的官方标准(PEP 333 ),根红苗正,而且部署比较简单,http://gunicorn.org/ 上有详细教程 9、mod_wsgi,apache的一个module,也是支持WSGI协议,https://code.google.com/p/modwsgi/ uwsgi 安装uwsgi
配置uwsgi uwsgi 有多种配置可用: 1,ini 2,xml 3,json 4,yaml 配置示例 $ cat etc/uwsgi.ini [uwsgi] socket = 127.0.0.1:9005 chdir = /Users/suoning/python_project/trunk/ wsgi-file = main.py processes = 4 stats = 127.0.0.1:9000 daemonize = /tmp/uwsgiServer.log pidfile = /tmp/uwsgi.pid vacuum = true log-maxsize = 50000000 disable-logging = true callable = app $ 配置参数详解: 常用选项: socket : 地址和端口号,例如:socket = 127.0.0.1:50000 processes : 开启的进程数量 workers : 开启的进程数量,等同于processes(官网的说法是spawn the specified number of workers / processes) chdir : 指定运行目录(chdir to specified directory before apps loading) wsgi-file : 载入wsgi-file(load .wsgi file) stats : 在指定的地址上,开启状态服务(enable the stats server on the specified address) threads : 运行线程。由于GIL的存在,我觉得这个真心没啥用。(run each worker in prethreaded mode with the specified number of threads) master : 允许主进程存在(enable master process) daemonize : 使进程在后台运行,并将日志打到指定的日志文件或者udp服务器(daemonize uWSGI)。实际上最常用的,还是把运行记录输出到一个本地文件上。 log-maxsize :以固定的文件大小(单位KB),切割日志文件。 例如:log-maxsize = 50000000 就是50M一个日志文件。 pidfile : 指定pid文件的位置,记录主进程的pid号。 vacuum : 当服务器退出的时候自动清理环境,删除unix socket文件和pid文件(try to remove all of the generated file/sockets) disable-logging : 不记录请求信息的日志。只记录错误以及uWSGI内部消息到日志中。如果不开启这项,那么你的日志中会大量出现这种记录: [pid: 347|app: 0|req: 106/367] 117.116.122.172 () {52 vars in 961 bytes} [Thu Jul 7 19:20:56 2016] POST /post => generated 65 bytes in 6 msecs (HTTP/1.1 200) 2 headers in 88 bytes (1 switches on core 0) 配置nginx
$ cat etc/nginx/servers/tongbupan.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
include uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9005;
}
location /webstatic/ {
expires 7d;
add_header Cache-Control public;
alias /Users/suoning/probject/python_project/webstatic/trunk/;
}
}
$
$ nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
$
$ nginx -s reload
$
配置application flask 示例
...
app = Flask('pan')
...
if __name__ == '__main__':
# app.run(host='0.0.0.0',port=5000)
app.run()
# 注意:变量app对应uwsgi配置文件uwsgi.ini中 callable = app
启动uwsgi $ $ uwsgi --ini /usr/local/etc/uwsgi.ini [uWSGI] getting INI configuration from /usr/local/etc/uwsgi.ini $ $ ps -ef|grep uwsgi 11428 1 0 11:40下午 ?? 0:01.23 uwsgi --ini /usr/local/etc/uwsgi.ini 11432 11428 0 11:40下午 ?? 0:00.00 uwsgi --ini /usr/local/etc/uwsgi.ini 11433 11428 0 11:40下午 ?? 0:00.00 uwsgi --ini /usr/local/etc/uwsgi.ini 11434 11428 0 11:40下午 ?? 0:00.00 uwsgi --ini /usr/local/etc/uwsgi.ini 11435 11428 0 11:40下午 ?? 0:00.00 uwsgi --ini /usr/local/etc/uwsgi.ini 11440 69240 0 11:40下午 ttys000 0:00.00 grep uwsgi $ $ lsof -i tcp:9000 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME uwsgi 11428 suoning 28u IPv4 0x5583e11534d24e73 0t0 TCP localhost:cslistener (LISTEN) $ $ lsof -i tcp:9005 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME uwsgi 11428 suoning 6u IPv4 0x5583e11535699e73 0t0 TCP localhost:9005 (LISTEN) uwsgi 11432 suoning 6u IPv4 0x5583e11535699e73 0t0 TCP localhost:9005 (LISTEN) uwsgi 11433 suoning 6u IPv4 0x5583e11535699e73 0t0 TCP localhost:9005 (LISTEN) uwsgi 11434 suoning 6u IPv4 0x5583e11535699e73 0t0 TCP localhost:9005 (LISTEN) uwsgi 11435 suoning 6u IPv4 0x5583e11535699e73 0t0 TCP localhost:9005 (LISTEN) $ FCGI 参考:http://webpy.org/cookbook/fastcgi-nginx 配置Nginx
$ cat etc/nginx/servers/pan.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
location / {
fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method;
fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length;
fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx/$nginx_version;
fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9005;
}
location /webstatic/ {
expires 7d;
add_header Cache-Control public;
alias /Users/suoning/probject/python_project/webstatic/trunk/;
}
}
$
配置application 简单示例 from flup.server.fcgi import WSGIServer from pan import app WSGIServer( app,bindAddress=(host,port),maxThreads=threads ).run() 生产环境示例
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
__author__ = 'suoning'
import sys
import argparse
from flup.server.fcgi import WSGIServer
from lib.daemon import Daemon
from pan import app
APP_NAME = 'pan_platform'
APP_INST_NAME = '20170501'
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=u'Run an pan FastCGI server')
parser.add_argument('command',type=str,help=u'command [start|stop|restart]',choices=['start','stop','restart'])
parser.add_argument('-p','--port',type=int,help=u'port of this server',required=True)
parser.add_argument('-t','--threads',default=50,help=u'max number of threads')
parser.add_argument('-host','--host',default='0.0.0.0',help=u'Listen to the main clause')
class panPlatformDaemon(Daemon):
def run(self):
# 运行服务
try:
WSGIServer(
app,bindAddress=(args.host,args.port),maxThreads=args.threads,umask=0111
).run()
except:
sys.stderr.write('oops')
def gen_pidfile(port):
return '/var/run/%s_%s_%d.pid' % (APP_NAME,APP_INST_NAME,port)
if __name__ == '__main__':
args = parser.parse_args()
daemon = panPlatformDaemon(gen_pidfile(args.port))
if 'start' == args.command:
daemon.start()
elif 'stop' == args.command:
daemon.stop()
elif 'restart' == args.command:
daemon.restart()
else:
print "Unknown command"
sys.exit(2)
sys.exit(0)
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