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完整B树算法Java实现代码

发布时间:2020-05-24 06:18:24 所属栏目:MsSql 来源:互联网
导读:定义在计算机科学中,B树(英语:B-tree)是一种自平衡的树,能够保持数据有序。这种数据结构能够让查找数据、顺序访问、插入数据及删除的动作,都在对数时间内完成。

定义

在计算机科学中,B树(英语:B-tree)是一种自平衡的树,能够保持数据有序。这种数据结构能够让查找数据、顺序访问、插入数据及删除的动作,都在对数时间内完成。

为什么要引入B树?

首先,包括前面我们介绍的红黑树是将输入存入内存的一种内部查找树。

而B树是前面平衡树算法的扩展,它支持保存在磁盘或者网络上的符号表进行外部查找,这些文件可能比我们以前考虑的输入要大的多(难以存入内存)。

既然内容保存在磁盘中,那么自然会因为树的深度过大而造成磁盘I/O读写过于频繁(磁盘读写速率是有限制的),进而导致查询效率低下。

那么降低树的深度自然很重要了。因此,我们引入了B树,多路查找树。

特点

树中每个结点最多含有m个孩子(m>=2);

除根结点和叶子结点外,其它每个结点至少有[ceil(m / 2)]个孩子(其中ceil(x)是一个取上限的函数);

若根结点不是叶子结点,则至少有2个孩子(特殊情况:没有孩子的根结点,即根结点为叶子结点,整棵树只有一个根节点);

所有叶子结点都出现在同一层(最底层),叶子结点为外部结点,保存内容,即key和value。

其他结点为内部结点,保存索引,即key和next。

内部结点的关键字key:K[1],K[2],…,K[M-1];且K[i] < K[i+1];

内容结点的指针next:P[1],P[2],P[M];其中P[1]指向关键字小于K[1]的子树,P[M]指向关键字大于K[M-1]的子树,其它P[i]指向关键字属于(K[i-1],K[i])的子树;

例如:(M=3)

查找和插入

为了方便这里用了一个特殊的哨兵键,它小于其他所有键,用*表示。

一开始B树只含有一个根结点,而根结点在初始化时仅含有该哨兵键。

内部结点中的每个键都与一个结点相关联,以此结点为根的子树种,所有的键都大于等于与此结点关联的键,但小于其他所有键。

这些约定在很大程度上能够简化代码。

代码

点击下载。

该代码实现引入了哨兵键,代码输出则剔除了它。

代码里含有哨兵键的B树(将图片保存到本地查看,字会清晰些):

代码输出的B树(将图片保存到本地查看,字会清晰些):

public class BTree<Key extends Comparable<Key>,Value> 
{
  // max children per B-tree node = M-1
  // (must be even and greater than 2)
  private static final int M = 4;

  private Node root;    // root of the B-tree
  private int height;   // height of the B-tree
  private int n;      // number of key-value pairs in the B-tree

  // helper B-tree node data type
  private static final class Node 
  {
    private int m;               // number of children
    private Entry[] children = new Entry[M];  // the array of children

    // create a node with k children
    private Node(int k) 
    {
      m = k;
    }
  }

  // internal nodes: only use key and next
  // external nodes: only use key and value
  private static class Entry 
  {
    private Comparable key;
    private Object val;
    private Node next;   // helper field to iterate over array entries
    public Entry(Comparable key,Object val,Node next) 
    {
      this.key = key;
      this.val = val;
      this.next = next;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Initializes an empty B-tree.
   */
  public BTree() 
  {
    root = new Node(0);
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if this symbol table is empty.
   * @return {@code true} if this symbol table is empty; {@code false} otherwise
   */
  public boolean isEmpty() 
  {
    return size() == 0;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the number of key-value pairs in this symbol table.
   * @return the number of key-value pairs in this symbol table
   */
  public int size() 
  {
    return n;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the height of this B-tree (for debugging).
   *
   * @return the height of this B-tree
   */
  public int height() 
  {
    return height;
  }


  /**
   * Returns the value associated with the given key.
   *
   * @param key the key
   * @return the value associated with the given key if the key is in the symbol table
   *     and {@code null} if the key is not in the symbol table
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code key} is {@code null}
   */
  public Value get(Key key) 
  {
    if (key == null) 
    {
      throw new NullPointerException("key must not be null");
    }
    return search(root,key,height);
  }

  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  private Value search(Node x,Key key,int ht) 
  {
    Entry[] children = x.children;

    // external node到最底层叶子结点,遍历
    if (ht == 0) 
    {
      for (int j = 0; j < x.m; j++)       
      {
        if (eq(key,children[j].key)) 
        {
          return (Value) children[j].val;
        }
      }
    }

    // internal node递归查找next地址
    else 
    {
      for (int j = 0; j < x.m; j++) 
      {
        if (j+1 == x.m || less(key,children[j+1].key))
        {
          return search(children[j].next,ht-1);
        }
      }
    }
    return null;
  }


  /**
   * Inserts the key-value pair into the symbol table,overwriting the old value
   * with the new value if the key is already in the symbol table.
   * If the value is {@code null},this effectively deletes the key from the symbol table.
   *
   * @param key the key
   * @param val the value
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code key} is {@code null}
   */
  public void put(Key key,Value val) 
  {
    if (key == null) 
    {
      throw new NullPointerException("key must not be null");
    }
    Node u = insert(root,val,height); //分裂后生成的右结点
    n++;
    if (u == null) 
    {
      return;
    }

    // need to split root重组root
    Node t = new Node(2);
    t.children[0] = new Entry(root.children[0].key,null,root);
    t.children[1] = new Entry(u.children[0].key,u);
    root = t;
    height++;
  }

  private Node insert(Node h,Value val,int ht) 
  {
    int j;
    Entry t = new Entry(key,null);

    // external node外部结点,也是叶子结点,在树的最底层,存的是内容value
    if (ht == 0) 
    {
      for (j = 0; j < h.m; j++) 
      {
        if (less(key,h.children[j].key)) 
        {
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    // internal node内部结点,存的是next地址
    else 
    {
      for (j = 0; j < h.m; j++) 
      {
        if ((j+1 == h.m) || less(key,h.children[j+1].key)) 
        {
          Node u = insert(h.children[j++].next,ht-1);
          if (u == null) 
          {
            return null;
          }
          t.key = u.children[0].key;
          t.next = u;
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    for (int i = h.m; i > j; i--)
    {
      h.children[i] = h.children[i-1];
    }
    h.children[j] = t;
    h.m++;
    if (h.m < M) 
    {
      return null;
    }
    else     
    {  //分裂结点
      return split(h);
    }
  }

  // split node in half
  private Node split(Node h) 
  {
    Node t = new Node(M/2);
    h.m = M/2;
    for (int j = 0; j < M/2; j++)
    {
      t.children[j] = h.children[M/2+j];     
    }
    return t;  
  }

  /**
   * Returns a string representation of this B-tree (for debugging).
   *
   * @return a string representation of this B-tree.
   */
  public String toString() 
  {
    return toString(root,height,"") + "n";
  }

  private String toString(Node h,int ht,String indent) 
  {
    StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
    Entry[] children = h.children;

    if (ht == 0) 
    {
      for (int j = 0; j < h.m; j++) 
      {
        s.append(indent + children[j].key + " " + children[j].val + "n");
      }
    }
    else 
    {
      for (int j = 0; j < h.m; j++) 
      {
        if (j > 0) 
        {
          s.append(indent + "(" + children[j].key + ")n");
        }
        s.append(toString(children[j].next,ht-1,indent + "   "));
      }
    }
    return s.toString();
  }


  // comparison functions - make Comparable instead of Key to avoid casts
  private boolean less(Comparable k1,Comparable k2) 
  {
    return k1.compareTo(k2) < 0;
  }

  private boolean eq(Comparable k1,Comparable k2) 
  {
    return k1.compareTo(k2) == 0;
  }


  /**
   * Unit tests the {@code BTree} data type.
   *
   * @param args the command-line arguments
   */
  public static void main(String[] args) 
  {
    BTree<String,String> st = new BTree<String,String>();

    st.put("www.cs.princeton.edu","128.112.136.12");
    st.put("www.cs.princeton.edu","128.112.136.11");
    st.put("www.princeton.edu","128.112.128.15");
    st.put("www.yale.edu","130.132.143.21");
    st.put("www.simpsons.com","209.052.165.60");
    st.put("www.apple.com","17.112.152.32");
    st.put("www.amazon.com","207.171.182.16");
    st.put("www.ebay.com","66.135.192.87");
    st.put("www.cnn.com","64.236.16.20");
    st.put("www.google.com","216.239.41.99");
    st.put("www.nytimes.com","199.239.136.200");
    st.put("www.microsoft.com","207.126.99.140");
    st.put("www.dell.com","143.166.224.230");
    st.put("www.slashdot.org","66.35.250.151");
    st.put("www.espn.com","199.181.135.201");
    st.put("www.weather.com","63.111.66.11");
    st.put("www.yahoo.com","216.109.118.65");


    System.out.println("cs.princeton.edu: " + st.get("www.cs.princeton.edu"));
    System.out.println("hardvardsucks.com: " + st.get("www.harvardsucks.com"));
    System.out.println("simpsons.com:   " + st.get("www.simpsons.com"));
    System.out.println("apple.com:     " + st.get("www.apple.com"));
    System.out.println("ebay.com:     " + st.get("www.ebay.com"));
    System.out.println("dell.com:     " + st.get("www.dell.com"));
    System.out.println();

    System.out.println("size:  " + st.size());
    System.out.println("height: " + st.height());
    System.out.println(st);
    System.out.println();
  }
}

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